Muhammad
محمد
Prophet · Messenger · Quranic figure
The final messenger of Allah and seal of the prophets, to whom the Quran was revealed.
Overview
Muhammad ﷺ is the messenger of Allah and the seal of the prophets (33:40), to whom the Quran was revealed over twenty-three years in Makkah and Madinah. The Quran names him four times and describes him as "only a messenger, before whom other messengers have passed" (3:144).
His life — the sira — is the hinge between the Quran and the rest of Islamic knowledge: the hadith literature records his words and actions, and the early battles, including Badr (3:123), are referred to in the Quran and detailed in the historical sources.
Graph
Key connections
What do these labels mean?
Every connection on this page says what it rests on. The label tells you how directly the source supports it.
- Direct textual — Direct textual. The source states this outright.
- The source states this outright.
- Historical source — Historical source. Established by historical or biographical works.
- Established by historical or biographical works.
Select a connection to see the source it rests on.
- Muhammadمحمد
Sources
Quran references
Selected passages. Muhammad is linked to 6 ayat in total.
Ali 'Imran 3:144
NamesDirect — Direct textual. The source states this outright.وَمَا مُحَمَّدٌ إِلَّا رَسُولٌۭ قَدْ خَلَتْ مِن قَبْلِهِ ٱلرُّسُلُ ۚ أَفَإِي۟ن مَّاتَ أَوْ قُتِلَ ٱنقَلَبْتُمْ عَلَىٰٓ أَعْقَٰبِكُمْ ۚ وَمَن يَنقَلِبْ عَلَىٰ عَقِبَيْهِ فَلَن يَضُرَّ ٱللَّهَ شَيْـًۭٔا ۗ وَسَيَجْزِى ٱللَّهُ ٱلشَّٰكِرِينَ
Muhammad is not but a messenger. [Other] messengers have passed on before him. So if he was to die or be killed, would you turn back on your heels [to unbelief]? And he who turns back on his heels will never harm Allah at all; but Allah will reward the grateful.
Al-Anfal 8:5
AboutDirect — Direct textual. The source states this outright.كَمَآ أَخْرَجَكَ رَبُّكَ مِنۢ بَيْتِكَ بِٱلْحَقِّ وَإِنَّ فَرِيقًۭا مِّنَ ٱلْمُؤْمِنِينَ لَكَٰرِهُونَ
[It is] just as when your Lord brought you out of your home [for the battle of Badr] in truth, while indeed, a party among the believers were unwilling,
Al-Ahzab 33:40
NamesDirect — Direct textual. The source states this outright.مَّا كَانَ مُحَمَّدٌ أَبَآ أَحَدٍۢ مِّن رِّجَالِكُمْ وَلَٰكِن رَّسُولَ ٱللَّهِ وَخَاتَمَ ٱلنَّبِيِّۦنَ ۗ وَكَانَ ٱللَّهُ بِكُلِّ شَىْءٍ عَلِيمًۭا
Muhammad is not the father of [any] one of your men, but [he is] the Messenger of Allah and last of the prophets. And ever is Allah, of all things, Knowing.
An-Najm 53:4
AboutDirect — Direct textual. The source states this outright.إِنْ هُوَ إِلَّا وَحْىٌۭ يُوحَىٰ
It is not but a revelation revealed,
Related
People
Jibril
جبريلassociated with
Gabriel — the angel who brought the Quran down upon Muhammad's heart by Allah's permission.
Related
Groups
Hypocrites
المنافقونopposed by
Those whose outward claim to faith conceals rejection or disloyalty.
Related
Events
Hijrah to Madinah
الهجرة إلى المدينةparticipated in
The migration of Muhammad and the believers from Makkah to Madinah.
Treaty of Hudaybiyyah
صلح الحديبيةparticipated in
The truce between Muhammad and Quraysh associated with the clear victory of Surah Al-Fath.
Battle of Badr
غزوة بدرparticipated in
The first major battle between the Muslims and the Quraysh (2 AH), in which a small force was given victory; named in the Quran.
Battle of the Confederates
غزوة الأحزابparticipated in
The siege in which allied confederates surrounded Madinah and were turned back.
Battle of Hunayn
غزوة حنينparticipated in
The battle where numerical confidence gave way to retreat before Allah sent tranquility and victory.
Related
Places
Related
Concepts
Prophethood
النبوةassociated with
Nubuwwah — Allah's choosing of human beings to convey His message, sealed with Muhammad.
Revelation
الوحيassociated with
Wahy — Allah's communication to His prophets, by inspiration, from behind a veil, or through a messenger-angel.
Qiblah
القبلةassociated with
The direction of prayer, changed in the Quran to al-Masjid al-Haram.
Names of Allah
Divine Names
Names that occur in the passages linked to this page are separated from names associated with it thematically.
Provenance
Relationships
What do these labels mean?
Every connection on this page says what it rests on. The label tells you how directly the source supports it.
- Direct textual — Direct textual. The source states this outright.
- The source states this outright.
- Historical source — Historical source. Established by historical or biographical works.
- Established by historical or biographical works.
Every edge in the graph, with the evidence behind it.
Muhammadparticipated inHijrah to MadinahHistorical — Historical source. Established by historical or biographical works.2 src
The Quran records the expulsion and cave; the hadith names Madinah and narrates the journey.
Evidence
- Quran At-Tawbah 9:40Direct — Direct textual. The source states this outright.
إِلَّا تَنصُرُوهُ فَقَدْ نَصَرَهُ ٱللَّهُ إِذْ أَخْرَجَهُ ٱلَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا۟ ثَانِىَ ٱثْنَيْنِ إِذْ هُمَا فِى ٱلْغَارِ إِذْ يَقُولُ لِصَٰحِبِهِۦ لَا تَحْزَنْ إِنَّ ٱللَّهَ مَعَنَا ۖ فَأَنزَلَ ٱللَّهُ سَكِينَتَهُۥ عَلَيْهِ وَأَيَّدَهُۥ بِجُنُودٍۢ لَّمْ تَرَوْهَا وَجَعَلَ كَلِمَةَ ٱلَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا۟ ٱلسُّفْلَىٰ ۗ وَكَلِمَةُ ٱللَّهِ هِىَ ٱلْعُلْيَا ۗ وَٱللَّهُ عَزِيزٌ حَكِيمٌ
“If you do not aid the Prophet - Allah has already aided him when those who disbelieved had driven him out [of Makkah] as one of two, when they were in the cave and he said to his companion, "Do not grieve; indeed Allah is with us." And Allah sent down his tranquillity upon him and supported him with angels you did not see and made the word of those who disbelieved the lowest, while the word of Allah - that is the highest. And Allah is Exalted in Might and Wise.”
Open ayah 9:40 → - Sahih al-Bukhari 3905Historical — Historical source. Established by historical or biographical works.
Muhammadassociated withJibrilDirect — Direct textual. The source states this outright.1 src
Evidence
- Quran Al-Baqarah 2:97Direct — Direct textual. The source states this outright.
قُلْ مَن كَانَ عَدُوًّۭا لِّجِبْرِيلَ فَإِنَّهُۥ نَزَّلَهُۥ عَلَىٰ قَلْبِكَ بِإِذْنِ ٱللَّهِ مُصَدِّقًۭا لِّمَا بَيْنَ يَدَيْهِ وَهُدًۭى وَبُشْرَىٰ لِلْمُؤْمِنِينَ
“Say, "Whoever is an enemy to Gabriel - it is [none but] he who has brought the Qur'an down upon your heart, [O Muhammad], by permission of Allah, confirming that which was before it and as guidance and good tidings for the believers."”
Open ayah 2:97 →
Muhammadparticipated inTreaty of HudaybiyyahHistorical — Historical source. Established by historical or biographical works.2 src
Evidence
- Quran Al-Fath 48:18Direct — Direct textual. The source states this outright.
۞ لَّقَدْ رَضِىَ ٱللَّهُ عَنِ ٱلْمُؤْمِنِينَ إِذْ يُبَايِعُونَكَ تَحْتَ ٱلشَّجَرَةِ فَعَلِمَ مَا فِى قُلُوبِهِمْ فَأَنزَلَ ٱلسَّكِينَةَ عَلَيْهِمْ وَأَثَٰبَهُمْ فَتْحًۭا قَرِيبًۭا
“Certainly was Allah pleased with the believers when they pledged allegiance to you, [O Muhammad], under the tree, and He knew what was in their hearts, so He sent down tranquillity upon them and rewarded them with an imminent conquest”
Open ayah 48:18 → - Sahih al-Bukhari 2731–2732Historical — Historical source. Established by historical or biographical works.
Muhammadlived inMadinahHistorical — Historical source. Established by historical or biographical works.1 src
Evidence
- Sahih al-Bukhari 3905Historical — Historical source. Established by historical or biographical works.
Muhammadparticipated inBattle of BadrDirect — Direct textual. The source states this outright.2 src
The Quran addresses the Prophet directly about being brought out from his home for the battle; the detailed account is in the sira.
Evidence
- Quran Al-Anfal 8:5Direct — Direct textual. The source states this outright.
كَمَآ أَخْرَجَكَ رَبُّكَ مِنۢ بَيْتِكَ بِٱلْحَقِّ وَإِنَّ فَرِيقًۭا مِّنَ ٱلْمُؤْمِنِينَ لَكَٰرِهُونَ
“[It is] just as when your Lord brought you out of your home [for the battle of Badr] in truth, while indeed, a party among the believers were unwilling,”
"Just as when your Lord brought you out of your home in truth."
Open ayah 8:5 → - Sahih al-Bukhari 2915Historical — Historical source. Established by historical or biographical works.
Ibn Abbas reports the Prophet's supplication in his tent on the day of Badr.
Muhammadparticipated inBattle of the ConfederatesDirect — Direct textual. The source states this outright.1 src
Evidence
- Quran Al-Ahzab 33:21Direct — Direct textual. The source states this outright.
لَّقَدْ كَانَ لَكُمْ فِى رَسُولِ ٱللَّهِ أُسْوَةٌ حَسَنَةٌۭ لِّمَن كَانَ يَرْجُوا۟ ٱللَّهَ وَٱلْيَوْمَ ٱلْءَاخِرَ وَذَكَرَ ٱللَّهَ كَثِيرًۭا
“There has certainly been for you in the Messenger of Allah an excellent pattern for anyone whose hope is in Allah and the Last Day and [who] remembers Allah often.”
Open ayah 33:21 →
Muhammadparticipated inBattle of HunaynHistorical — Historical source. Established by historical or biographical works.2 src
Evidence
- Quran At-Tawbah 9:25Direct — Direct textual. The source states this outright.
لَقَدْ نَصَرَكُمُ ٱللَّهُ فِى مَوَاطِنَ كَثِيرَةٍۢ ۙ وَيَوْمَ حُنَيْنٍ ۙ إِذْ أَعْجَبَتْكُمْ كَثْرَتُكُمْ فَلَمْ تُغْنِ عَنكُمْ شَيْـًۭٔا وَضَاقَتْ عَلَيْكُمُ ٱلْأَرْضُ بِمَا رَحُبَتْ ثُمَّ وَلَّيْتُم مُّدْبِرِينَ
“Allah has already given you victory in many regions and [even] on the day of Hunayn, when your great number pleased you, but it did not avail you at all, and the earth was confining for you with its vastness; then you turned back, fleeing.”
Open ayah 9:25 → - Sahih al-Bukhari 3042Historical — Historical source. Established by historical or biographical works.
Muhammadassociated withProphethoodDirect — Direct textual. The source states this outright.1 src
Evidence
- Quran Al-Ahzab 33:40Direct — Direct textual. The source states this outright.
مَّا كَانَ مُحَمَّدٌ أَبَآ أَحَدٍۢ مِّن رِّجَالِكُمْ وَلَٰكِن رَّسُولَ ٱللَّهِ وَخَاتَمَ ٱلنَّبِيِّۦنَ ۗ وَكَانَ ٱللَّهُ بِكُلِّ شَىْءٍ عَلِيمًۭا
“Muhammad is not the father of [any] one of your men, but [he is] the Messenger of Allah and last of the prophets. And ever is Allah, of all things, Knowing.”
"The Messenger of Allah and last of the prophets."
Open ayah 33:40 →
Muhammadassociated withRevelationDirect — Direct textual. The source states this outright.1 src
Evidence
- Quran An-Najm 53:4Direct — Direct textual. The source states this outright.
إِنْ هُوَ إِلَّا وَحْىٌۭ يُوحَىٰ
“It is not but a revelation revealed,”
"It is not but a revelation revealed."
Open ayah 53:4 →
Muhammadopposed byHypocritesDirect — Direct textual. The source states this outright.2 src
Evidence
- Quran Al-Munafiqun 63:1Direct — Direct textual. The source states this outright.
إِذَا جَآءَكَ ٱلْمُنَٰفِقُونَ قَالُوا۟ نَشْهَدُ إِنَّكَ لَرَسُولُ ٱللَّهِ ۗ وَٱللَّهُ يَعْلَمُ إِنَّكَ لَرَسُولُهُۥ وَٱللَّهُ يَشْهَدُ إِنَّ ٱلْمُنَٰفِقِينَ لَكَٰذِبُونَ
“When the hypocrites come to you, [O Muhammad], they say, "We testify that you are the Messenger of Allah." And Allah knows that you are His Messenger, and Allah testifies that the hypocrites are liars.”
Open ayah 63:1 → - Quran At-Tawbah 9:73Direct — Direct textual. The source states this outright.
يَٰٓأَيُّهَا ٱلنَّبِىُّ جَٰهِدِ ٱلْكُفَّارَ وَٱلْمُنَٰفِقِينَ وَٱغْلُظْ عَلَيْهِمْ ۚ وَمَأْوَىٰهُمْ جَهَنَّمُ ۖ وَبِئْسَ ٱلْمَصِيرُ
“O Prophet, fight against the disbelievers and the hypocrites and be harsh upon them. And their refuge is Hell, and wretched is the destination.”
Open ayah 9:73 →
Muhammadassociated withQiblahDirect — Direct textual. The source states this outright.1 src
The change of the qiblah is addressed to the Prophet directly.
Evidence
- Quran Al-Baqarah 2:144Direct — Direct textual. The source states this outright.
قَدْ نَرَىٰ تَقَلُّبَ وَجْهِكَ فِى ٱلسَّمَآءِ ۖ فَلَنُوَلِّيَنَّكَ قِبْلَةًۭ تَرْضَىٰهَا ۚ فَوَلِّ وَجْهَكَ شَطْرَ ٱلْمَسْجِدِ ٱلْحَرَامِ ۚ وَحَيْثُ مَا كُنتُمْ فَوَلُّوا۟ وُجُوهَكُمْ شَطْرَهُۥ ۗ وَإِنَّ ٱلَّذِينَ أُوتُوا۟ ٱلْكِتَٰبَ لَيَعْلَمُونَ أَنَّهُ ٱلْحَقُّ مِن رَّبِّهِمْ ۗ وَمَا ٱللَّهُ بِغَٰفِلٍ عَمَّا يَعْمَلُونَ
“We have certainly seen the turning of your face, [O Muhammad], toward the heaven, and We will surely turn you to a qiblah with which you will be pleased. So turn your face toward al-Masjid al-Haram. And wherever you [believers] are, turn your faces toward it [in prayer]. Indeed, those who have been given the Scripture well know that it is the truth from their Lord. And Allah is not unaware of what they do.”
"We will surely turn you to a qiblah with which you will be pleased. So turn your face toward al-Masjid al-Haram."
Open ayah 2:144 →
Muhammadlived inMakkahHistorical — Historical source. Established by historical or biographical works.2 src
The Prophet's birth and first thirteen years of prophethood in Makkah are established by the sira and hadith rather than stated as such in the Quran.
Evidence
- Quran Al-Fath 48:24Linguistic — Linguistic inference. Follows from the wording of the text rather than an explicit statement.
وَهُوَ ٱلَّذِى كَفَّ أَيْدِيَهُمْ عَنكُمْ وَأَيْدِيَكُمْ عَنْهُم بِبَطْنِ مَكَّةَ مِنۢ بَعْدِ أَنْ أَظْفَرَكُمْ عَلَيْهِمْ ۚ وَكَانَ ٱللَّهُ بِمَا تَعْمَلُونَ بَصِيرًا
“And it is He who withheld their hands from you and your hands from them within [the area of] Makkah after He caused you to overcome them. And ever is Allah of what you do, Seeing.”
The Quran names Makkah in connection with the Prophet's community.
Open ayah 48:24 → - Sahih al-Bukhari 3905Historical — Historical source. Established by historical or biographical works.
Aisha's migration narrative states that the Prophet was in Makkah before departing for Madinah.
Further reading
Recommended resources
Curated external material. These are recommendations, not evidence for anything in the graph.
- Book
The Sealed Nectar (Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtum)
Safi-ur-Rahman al-Mubarakpuri
A widely used single-volume biography of the Prophet ﷺ, covering the Makkan period and the battles including Badr.